2. Especially in the notes
and indexes of textbooks.
3.
They
are
nearly
all
short
forms
of
expressions
in
Latin.
4.
You
can
use
them
when
making
notes.
5. Don't use
abbreviations
in
your
writing.
6.
If
you
want
to
use
these
terms,
write
them
out
in
full.
7.
That
is,
don't
put e.g.,
but
write
out for
example.
6.
Note
that
these
terms
are
normally
printed
in
italics.
7. Never begin
a
sentence
with
an
abbreviation.
| app. |
appendix |
| b. |
born.
For
example,
b.1939 |
| c. |
(circa) about:
usually
with
a
date.
For
example:
c.1830. |
| cf. |
(confer)
compare. |
| ch. |
chapter
(plural chaps.) |
| col. |
column
(plural cols.) |
| d. |
died.
For
example,
d.1956 |
| do. |
(ditto)
the
same. |
| e.g. |
(exempli
gratia)
for
example. |
| ed. |
edition;
edited
by;
editor
(plural eds.) |
| esp. |
especially. |
| et
al. |
(et
alii,
aliae,
or alia)
and
others.
For
example,
Harkinson
et.
al. |
| et
seq. |
(et
sequens)
and
the
following.
For
example,
p.36
et
seq. |
| etc. |
(et
cetera)
and
so
forth.
[An
over-used
term.
Worth
avoiding.] |
| fig. |
figure
(plural figs.) |
| f./ff. |
following.
For
example,
8ff.
=
page
8
and
the
following
pages. |
| ibid. |
(ibidem)
in
the
same
place:
from
the
source
previously
mentioned. |
| i.e. |
(id
est)
that
is. |
| inf. |
(infra)
below:
refers
to
a
section
still
to
come. |
| l. |
line
(plural ll.)
[NB!
easily
mistaken
for
numbers
'One'
and
'Eleven'.] |
| loc.
cit. |
(loco
citato)
at
the
place
quoted:
from
the
same
place. |
| n. |
note,
footnote
(plural nn.) |
| n.d. |
no
date
given |
| op.
cit. |
(opere
citato)
from
the
work
already
quoted. |
| p. |
page
(plural pp.)
For
example,
p.15
[Always
precedes
the
number.] |
| para. |
paragraph
(plural paras.) |
| passim |
in
many
places:
too
many
references
to
list. |
| q.v. |
(quod
vide)
look
up
this
point
elsewhere.
For
example,
q.v.
p.32. |
| sic |
thus.
As
printed
or
written
in
the
original.
usually
in
square
brackets
[sic]. |
| supra |
above:
in
that
part
already
dealt
with. |
| trans. |
translator,
translated
by. |
| viz. |
(videlicet)
namely,
that
is
to
say.
For
example:
Under
certain
conditions,
viz... |
| vol. |
volume
(plural, vols.) |
1.
You will often see abbreviations
used in books. 
